There is increasing evidence in humans and laboratory animals for biologically based sex
differences in every phase of drug addiction: acute reinforcing effects, transition from …

The brain is the key organ of stress reactivity, coping, and recovery processes. Within the
brain, a distributed neural circuitry determines what is threatening and thus stressful to the …

The brain is the key organ of the response to stress because it determines what is
threatening and, therefore, potentially stressful, as well as the physiological and behavioral …

There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating that stress decreases the expression of
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in limbic structures that control mood and that …

Stress begins in the brain and affects the brain, as well as the rest of the body. Acute stress
responses promote adaptation and survival via responses of neural, cardiovascular …

The mind involves the whole body, and two-way communication between the brain and the
cardiovascular, immune, and other systems via neural and endocrine mechanisms. Stress is …

The brain and body need to adapt constantly to changing social and physical environments.
A key mechanism for this adaptation is the 'stress response', which is necessary and not …

A common single-nucleotide polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
gene, a methionine (Met) substitution for valine (Val) at codon 66 (Val66Met), is associated …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) are two
seemingly distinct signaling systems that play regulatory roles in many neuronal functions …

Mouse models are useful for studying genes involved in behavior, but whether they are
relevant to human behavior is unclear. Here, we identified parallel phenotypes in mice and …