Insect life strategies comprise all levels of sociality from solitary to eusocial, in which
individuals form persistent groups and divide labor. With increasing social complexity, the …

Trail pheromones do more than simply guide social insect workers from point A to point B.
Recent research has revealed additional ways in which they help to regulate colony …

Stingless bees (Meliponini) are the largest and most diverse group of social bees, yet their
largely tropical distribution means that they are less studied than their relatives, the bumble …

Communication is a fundamental feature of animal societies and helps their members to
solve the challenges they encounter, from exploiting food sources to fighting enemies or …

Foragers of many ant species use pheromone trails to guide nestmates to food sources.
During foraging, individual workers can also learn the route to a food source. Foragers of the …

Pollination is often regarded as a mutualistic relationship between flowering plants and
insects. In such a relationship, both partners gain a fitness benefit as a result of their …

Abstract Stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae: Meliponini) represent a highly diverse group
of social bees confined to the world's tropics and subtropics. They show a striking diversity of …

Many bee species show flower constancy, that is, a tendency to visit flowers of one type
during a foraging trip. Flower constancy is important for plant reproduction, but the benefits …

Many animals take part in flow-like collective movements. In most species, however, the flow
is unidirectional. Ants are one of the rare group of organisms in which flow-like movements …

The stingless bees represent one of the pinnacles of social organization among insects.
Among their distinguishing features are very high species diversity with extreme variation in …