The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of post-mitotic polarized epithelial cells,
strategically situated between the photoreceptors and the choroid, is the primary caretaker of …

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and endothelial–mesenchymal transition (EndMT)
are physiological processes required for normal embryogenesis. However, these processes …

For many retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma,
and diabetic retinopathy (DR), the exact pathogenesis is still unclear. Moreover, the currently …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease that affects the macula–the central
part of the retina. It is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the elderly. AMD onset is …

Quercetin, a bioflavonoid derived from vegetables and fruits, exerts anti-inflammatory effects
in various diseases. Our previous study revealed that quercetin could suppress the …

Purpose The RPE cell line ARPE-19 provides a dependable and widely used alternative to
native RPE. However, replication of the native RPE phenotype becomes more difficult …

Exosomes are nanometer-sized vesicles that are released by cells in a controlled fashion
and mediate a plethora of extra-and intercellular activities. Some key functions of exosomes …

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a potentially blinding fibrotic complication. It is
caused by the formation and contraction of epiretinal membranes (ERMs) that ultimately …

Balancing the competing demands of phagolysosomal degradation and autophagy is a
significant challenge for phagocytic tissues. Yet how this plasticity is accomplished in health …

The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) forms the outer blood-retinal barrier in the eye and
its polarity is responsible for directional secretion and uptake of proteins, lipoprotein …