SUMMARY Fifty years ago, David Baltimore published a brief conceptual paper delineating
the classification of viruses by the routes of genome expression. The six “Baltimore classes” …

Hepatitis B virus infections have always been associated with high levels of mortality. In
2019, hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related diseases resulted in approximately 555,000 deaths …

HBV infection profoundly escalates hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) susceptibility,
responsible for a majority of HCC cases. HBV-driven immune-mediated hepatocyte …

Infections caused by viruses as the smallest infectious agents, pose a major threat to global
public health. Viral infections utilize different host mechanisms to facilitate their own …

Vaccines are one of the most effective medical interventions to combat newly emerging and
re-emerging diseases. Prophylactic vaccines against rabies, measles, etc., have excellent …

All of humans and other mammalian species are colonized by some types of
microorganisms such as bacteria, archaea, unicellular eukaryotes like fungi and protozoa …

Dendritic cells (DCs) function as a link between innate and adaptive immune responses.
Retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1 modulate DCs to their advantage and utilize them to …

Background Exosomes are becoming an important mediator of the interaction between
tumor cells and the microenvironment. Ferroptosis is a newly discovered type of cell death …

Abstract Calcium ions (Ca 2+) act as secondary messengers in a plethora of cellular
processes and play crucial role in cellular organelle function and homeostasis. The average …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global pathogen. We report here that the cellular CRM1
machinery can mediate nuclear export of entire HBV core (HBc) particles containing …