A mobile mapping system (MMS) is a combination of several modern spatial techniques,
including laser scanning, digital photogrammetry, global positioning system, and inertial …

With the advent of global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), many national geodetic
datums have been established with modern technology and referenced to a specific epoch …

In geospatial applications, the datum transformation has been necessarily employed to
transform the geospatial outcomes from the data-collection system to the user-interested …

Although a dynamic or semi-dynamic datum has been adopted in some countries, it remains
a challenge if a long-term stable datum is to be established in a tectonic active area. This …

It has been routine work to determine the elevations of points on Earth's surface for a wide
range of purposes. However, surveyors are now facing new challenges because of the …