Abstract The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) has two scientific objectives of
cosmological focus: to probe the expansion rate of the universe, and to understand …

We provide a review on the state-of-the-art of gravitational waves induced by primordial
fluctuations, so-called induced gravitational waves. We present the intuitive physics behind …

The 15 yr pulsar timing data set collected by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for
Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) shows positive evidence for the presence of a low …

We study whether the signal seen by pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) may originate from
gravitational waves (GWs) induced by large primordial perturbations. Such perturbations …

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We review numerous arguments for primordial black holes (PBHs) based on observational
evidence from a variety of lensing, dynamical, accretion and gravitational-wave effects. This …

The most conservative interpretation of the nHz stochastic gravitational wave background
(SGWB) discovered by NANOGrav and other pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations is …

Pulsar timing arrays gathered evidence of the presence of a gravitational wave background
around nHz frequencies. If the gravitational wave background was induced by large and …

We update the constraints on the fraction of the Universe that may have gone into primordial
black holes (PBHs) over the mass range 10− 5 to 10 50 g. Those smaller than∼ 10 15 g …

We develop an exact formalism for the computation of the abundance of primordial black
holes (PBHs) in the presence of local non-Gaussianity (NG) in the curvature perturbation …