Macrophages are important players in the fight against viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic
infections. From a resting state they may undertake two activation pathways, the classical …

Progesterone is commonly considered as a female reproductive hormone and is well-known
for its role in pregnancy. It is less well appreciated that progesterone and its metabolite …

Progesterone is a well-known steroid hormone, synthesized by ovaries and placenta in
females, and by adrenal glands in both males and females. Several tissues are targets of …

estradiol (E2) is a neuroprotective hormone with a high anti-inflammatory potential in
different neurological disorders. The inflammatory response initiated by spinal cord injury …

CNS ischemia results in locally confined and rapid tissue damage accompanied by a loss of
neurons and their circuits. Early and time-delayed inflammatory responses are critical …

A dysfunction in the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is associated with many neurological and
metabolic disorders. Although sex steroid hormones have been shown to impact vascular …

The sex hormone progesterone has been shown to improve outcomes in animal models of a
number of neurologic diseases, including traumatic brain injury, ischemia, spinal cord injury …

Microglial cells are the primary mediators of the CNS immune defense system and crucial for
shaping inflammatory responses. They represent a highly dynamic cell population which is …

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA n3) provide neuroprotection due to their anti-
inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties as well as their regulatory function on growth …

It is reported that circulating testosterone levels decrease after cerebral ischemia. The aim of
this study was to evaluate the effects of testosterone on oxidative stress, brain-derived …