This review reports on the processes associated with costs of reproduction, including some
theoretical considerations, definitions and methodological aspects, followed by a list of the …

TREE vol. 4, no. 8, August 1989 this optimum. And moreover, as Zimmerman4 points out,'if
the optimal behaviour is a positive function of the developmental state of the organisms, for …

The disturbance spectrum consists of disturbance patterns differing in type, size, intensity,
and frequency. It is proposed that tree life-history traits are adaptations to particular …

许多植物同时具有克隆生长与有性繁殖, 两种繁殖方式间的平衡在不同物种间以及同一物种内
不同种群间变化很大. 旺盛的克隆生长可能会从多方面影响生活史进化. 首先 …

Many plant species have two modes of reproduction: sexual and asexual. Both modes of
reproduction have often been viewed as adaptations to temporally or spatially variable …

Clonal plants that can switch facultatively between sexual and asexual reproduction may
respond plastically to the environment. We constructed a dynamic state variable model to …

Woody plants are spreading in many alpine and subalpine ecosystems and are expected to
continue increasing in response to land abandonment and global warming. This …

Clonal plants grow in diameter rather than height, and therefore competition among genets
is likely to be symmetric and to result in smaller variation in size of genets than in non‐clonal …

Aims In perennial species, the allocation of resources to reproduction results in a reduction
of allocation to vegetative growth and, therefore, impacts future reproductive success. As a …

The repeated use of copper (Cu) fungicides to control vine downy mildew, caused by
Plasmopara viticola, has been responsible for the heavy increase of Cu concentration in the …