Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) and bone morphometric proteins (BMPs) belong to
the TGF-β superfamily and perform essential functions during osteoblast and chondrocyte …

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a diverse pathologic process, defined as the formation of
extraskeletal bone in muscle and soft tissues. HO can be conceptualized as a tissue repair …

The immune and skeletal systems share a variety of molecules, including cytokines,
chemokines, hormones, receptors, and transcription factors. Bone cells interact with immune …

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by
episodically exuberant heterotopic ossification (HO), whereby skeletal muscle is abnormally …

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted cytokines that were initially discovered
on the basis of their ability to induce bone. Several decades of research have now …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into several lineages during development
and also contribute to tissue homeostasis and regeneration, although the requirements for …

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disease characterized by
extraskeletal bone formation through endochondral ossification. FOP patients harbor point …

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare autosomal-dominant disorder
characterized by progressive and profoundly disabling heterotopic ossification (HO). Here …

Pain is a central feature of soft tissue trauma, which under certain contexts, results in
aberrant osteochondral differentiation of tissue-specific stem cells. Here, the role of sensory …

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a congenital heterotopic ossification (HO)
syndrome caused by gain-of-function mutations of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I …