Background Evidence is mounting to suggest a causal relationship between the built
environment and people's physical activity behaviours, particularly active transport. The …

Objective Walking and cycling for transportation (ie active transportation, AT), provide
substantial health benefits from increased physical activity (PA). However, risks of injury from …

Cycling as a mode of transportation has many advantages for both cyclists and society: it is a
low-cost, low-polluting, health-improving way to travel. In light of these benefits, a growing …

Background Bicycling has the potential to improve fitness, diminish obesity, and reduce
noise, air pollution, and greenhouse gases associated with travel. However, bicyclists incur …

Without questioning the fact that to achieve efficiency emitters should pay for the true costs of
their actions (a core principle of economic policies such as pollution taxes), we find sufficient …

Background Despite growing recognition of the need to promote physical activity, the
existing evidence base on the cost-effectiveness of relevant interventions appears scant and …

Although electric scooters (e-scooters) are gaining ground rapidly, research on analysing
their users' experience lags far behind practice. Level of Service (LOS) is a promising …

Urban planning has an important role to play in supporting human health. While this is
increasingly recognized in a burgeoning interdisciplinary body of literature, there remains an …

Amid growing concerns about the impact of rising obesity and physical inactivity levels,
climate change, population growth, increasing traffic congestion and declining oil supplies …

Heavy dependency on car use leads to traffic congestion, pollution, and physical inactivity,
which impose high direct and indirect costs on society. Promoting walking and cycling has …