This article recounts, from my perspective of four decades in this field, evolving paradigms of
primary cell wall structure and the mechanism of surface enlargement of growing cell walls …

The plant cell wall is composed of multiple biopolymers, representing one of the most
complex structural networks in nature. Hundreds of genes are involved in building such a …

Assembly of cell wall polysaccharides into specific patterns is required for plant growth. A
complex of RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR 4 (RALF4) and its cell wall–anchored …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate plant growth and development. ROS are kept at
low levels in cells to prevent oxidative damage, allowing them to be effective signaling …

Plant cell walls are dynamic structures that are synthesized by plants to provide durable
coverings for the delicate cells they encase. They are made of polysaccharides, proteins …

In flowering plants, pollen tubes undergo tip growth to deliver two nonmotile sperm to the
ovule where they fuse with an egg and central cell to achieve double fertilization. This …

Species that propagate by sexual reproduction actively guard against the fertilization of an
egg by multiple sperm (polyspermy). Flowering plants rely on pollen tubes to transport their …

The communication of changes in the extracellular matrix to the interior of the cell is crucial
for a cell's function. The extracellular peptides of the RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR …

Regulation of the mechanical properties of the cell wall is a key parameter used by plants to
control the growth behavior of individual cells and tissues. Modulation of the mechanical …

Understanding the changes affecting the plant cell wall is a key element in addressing its
functional role in plant growth and in the response to stress. Pectins, which are the main …