Quantifying changes in Earth's ice sheets and identifying the climate drivers are central to
improving sea level projections. We provide unified estimates of grounded and floating ice …

Satellite data have revealed that the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets are changing
rapidly due to warming air and ocean temperatures. Crucially, Earth Observations can now …

Ice flow models of the Antarctic ice sheet are commonly used to simulate its future evolution
in response to different climate scenarios and inform on the mass loss that would contribute …

The Greenland ice sheet is one of the largest contributors to global mean sea-level rise
today and is expected to continue to lose mass as the Arctic continues to warm. The two …

The variability of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets occurs on various timescales and is
important for projections of sea level rise; however, there are substantial uncertainties …

Mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) has increased over the last two decades in
response to changes in global climate, motivating the scientific community to question how …

In the past two decades, the data volume of remote sensing imagery in the polar regions has
increased dramatically. The calving fronts of many Greenland glaciers have been …

Abstract Changes in ocean temperature and salinity are expected to be an important
determinant of the Greenland ice sheet's future sea level contribution. Yet, simulating the …

The effect of the North Atlantic Ocean on the Greenland Ice Sheet through submarine
melting of Greenland's tidewater glacier calving fronts is thought to be a key driver of …

Ice sheet response to forced changes—such as that from anthropogenic climate forcing—is
closely regulated by two‐way interactions with other components of the Earth system. These …