Key to understanding human origins are early Homo sapiens fossils from Jebel Irhoud, as
well as from the early Late Pleistocene sites Tabun, Border Cave, Klasies River Mouth …

Previous research has found that hominoids have stronger modularity between limb
elements than other anthropoids, suggesting that there is less constraint on morphological …

The false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens (Owen, 1846)) is a globally distributed
delphinid that shows geographical differentiation in its skull morphology. We explored …

This article studies the evolutionary change of allometries in the relative size of the two main
cranial modules (neurocranium and splanchnocranium) in the five living hominid species …

The position (FMP) and orientation (FMO) of the foramen magnum have been used as
proxies for locomotion and posture in extant and extinct primates. Several indices have been …

Background: Currently, three-dimensional cephalometry measurements are mainly based
on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), which has limitations of ionizing radiation …

Simple Summary Morphological modules are structures that have components which covary
strongly, but that in turn are relatively independent of other modules, while morphological …

Networks linking single genes to multiple phenotypic outcomes can be founded on local
anatomical interactions as well as on systemic factors like biochemical products. Here we …

The concepts of integration and modularity refer to the degree of covariation between the
components of a biological structure. Components that covariate strongly, but are relatively …

In order to function properly, all biological organisms must exhibit some amount of
morphological integration. That is, some parts of the anatomy of an organism must work and …