Cytokines are secreted or membrane-presented molecules that mediate broad cellular
functions, including development, differentiation, growth and survival. Accordingly, the …

Cytokines exert powerful immunomodulatory effects that are critical to physiology and
pathology in humans. The application of natural cytokines in clinical studies has not been …

Cytokines are a class of potent immunoregulatory proteins that are secreted in response to
various stimuli and act locally to regulate many aspects of human physiology and disease …

Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) enable novel mechanisms of action and/or therapeutic
applications that cannot be achieved using conventional IgG-based antibodies …

The therapeutic potential of recombinant cytokines has been limited by the severe side
effects of systemic administration. We describe a strategy to reduce the dose-limiting …

Emerging reports show that metabolic pathways can be targeted to enhance T cell-mediated
immunity to tumors. Yet, tumors consume key metabolites in the host to survive, thus robbing …

Macrophages are the most abundant and one of the most critical cells of tumor immunity.
They provide a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity through releasing cytokines …

The use of cytokines for immunotherapy shows clinical efficacy but is frequently
accompanied by severe adverse events caused by excessive and systemic immune …

The Interleukin-2 Family contains six kinds of cytokines, namely IL-2, IL-15, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9,
and IL-21, all of which share a common γ chain. Many cytokines of the IL-2 family have been …

Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy releases the inhibition of tumor-infiltrating
lymphocytes (TILs) but weakly induces TIL proliferation. Exogenous IL-15 could further …