Survival requires the implementation of adaptive changes that demand energy resources.
The efficient regulation of energetic resources thus plays a critical role in enabling systems …

Our brains have evolved the ability to configure and adapt their processing states to match
the unique challenges of acting and learning in diverse environments and behavioral …

One of the major functions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is to promote flexible motivated
behavior. It is no surprise, therefore, that recent work has demonstrated a prominent impact …

Phasic changes in eye's pupil diameter have been repeatedly observed during cognitive,
emotional and behavioral activity in mammals. Although pupil diameter is known to be …

Flow is a cognitive state that manifests when there is complete attentional absorption while
performing a task. Flow occurs when certain internal as well as external conditions are …

The noradrenergic system is believed to support behavioral flexibility. A possible source
mediating improved flexibility are α2A adrenoceptors (α2AR) in prefrontal cortex (PFC) or …

In a constantly changing environment, organisms must track the current relationship
between actions and their specific consequences and use this information to guide decision …

Several mood-stabilizing atypical antipsychotics and antidepressants weakly block
serotonin (5-HT) receptor type-7 (5-HT7R); however, the contributions of 5-HT7R …

This study investigated whether transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS)
enhances reversal learning and augments noradrenergic biomarkers (ie, pupil size, cortisol …

Abstract Purpose of Review Sex differences in the epidemiology and clinical presentation of
trauma-related psychopathology have long been documented. Multiple underlying …