Background Ionizing radiation is typically used during spine surgery for localization and
guidance in instrumentation placement. Minimally invasive (MI) surgical procedures are …

In the past 30 y, the numbers and types of fluoroscopically-guided (FG) procedures have
increased dramatically. The objective of the present study is to provide estimated radiation …

Study Design. A prospective study. Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the
radiation dose to which the surgeons are exposed during percutaneous endoscopic lumbar …

Study Design. This is a prospective in vivo study comparing radiation exposure to the
surgeon during 10 minimally invasive lumbar microdiscectomy cases with 10 traditional …

Objective To determine the radiation exposure to the eyes, extremities, and deep tissue
during percutaneous pedicle screw placement. Summary of Background Data Image-guided …

Study Design. Survey of surgeon members of the Scoliosis Research Society. Objective. To
assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among spine surgeons …

Introduction Modern techniques in orthopaedic surgery using minimally invasive
procedures, and increased use of fluoroscopic imaging present a potential increased risk to …

Intraoperative imaging is vital for accurate placement of instrumentation in spine surgery.
However, the use of biplanar fluoroscopy and other intraoperative imaging modalities is …

Intraoperative radiological imaging serves an essential role in many spine surgery
procedures. It is critical that patients, staff and physicians have an adequate understanding …

Background: Use of c-arm fluoroscopy is common in the operating room, outpatient clinic,
and emergency department. Consequently, there is a concern regarding radiation exposure …