Pathogenic RNA viruses are potentially the most important group involved in zoonotic
disease transmission, and they represent a challenge for global disease control. Their …

Background Global HIV-1 genetic diversity and evolution form a major challenge to
treatment and prevention efforts. An increasing number of distinct HIV-1 recombinants have …

Astroviruses are small, non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that
belong to the Astroviridae family. Astroviruses infect diverse hosts and are typically …

Although recombination is a feature of coronavirus evolution, previously detected
recombinant lineages of SARS-CoV-2 have shown limited circulation thus far. Here, we …

Ranaviruses are emerging pathogens of fish, amphibians, and reptiles that threaten aquatic
animal industries and wildlife worldwide. Our objective was to genetically characterize …

The global diversity of HIV forms a major challenge to the development of an HIV vaccine, as
well as diagnostic, drug resistance, and viral load assays, which are essential to reaching …

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) evolves rapidly owing to the combined activity of
error-prone reverse transcriptase, recombination, and short generation times, leading to …

Koala populations are in serious decline across many areas of mainland Australia, with
infectious disease a contributing factor. Koala retrovirus (KoRV) is a gammaretrovirus …

Introduction Global HIV infections due to HIV-1 recombinants are increasing and impede
prevention and treatment efforts. Key populations suffer most new HIV infections, but their …

Microbes that infect other organisms encounter host immune responses, and must overcome
or evade innate and adaptive immune responses to successfully establish infection. Highly …