Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at the top of
the atmosphere which is driving global warming. This Earth energy imbalance (EEI) is the …

The Earth climate system is out of energy balance, and heat has accumulated continuously
over the past decades, warming the ocean, the land, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere …

Planned adaptation to climate change requires information about what is happening and
why. While a long-term trend is for global warming, short-term periods of cooling can occur …

Improving observations of ocean heat content show that Earth is absorbing more energy
from the Sun than it is radiating to space as heat, even during the recent solar minimum. The …

The oceans are warming. Over the period 1961 to 2003, global ocean temperature has risen
by 0.10 C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. Consistent with the Third Assessment Report …

Evidence of the effect of external influences on the climate system has continued to
accumulate since the Third Assessment Report (TAR). The evidence now available is …

We present new estimates of the variability of ocean heat content based on: a) additional
data that extends the record to more recent years; b) additional historical data for earlier …

Little is known about the intensity and extension of subsurface urban heat islands (UHI), and
the individual role of the driving factors has not been revealed either. In this study, we …

Coupled climate models and recent observational evidence suggest that Arctic sea ice may
undergo abrupt periods of loss during the next fifty years. Here, we evaluate how rapid sea …

Climate change is unambiguous and its effects are clearly detected in all functional units of
the Earth system. This study presents new analyses of sea-surface temperature changes …