The retina is a complex tissue with multiple cell layers that are highly ordered. Its
sophisticated structure makes it especially sensitive to external or internal perturbations that …

The mammalian retina provides an excellent opportunity to study glia–neuron interactions
and the interactions of glia with blood vessels. Three main types of glial cells are found in …

Microglia, the primary resident immune cell type, constitute a key population of glia in the
retina. Recent evidence indicates that microglia play significant functional roles in the retina …

Resident microglial cells can be regarded as the immunological watchdogs of the brain and
the retina. They are active sensors of their neuronal microenvironment and rapidly respond …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in aged
individuals. Recent advances have highlighted the essential role of immune processes in …

Abstract Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a common pathology when the blood supply to an
organ was disrupted and then restored. During the reperfusion process, inflammation and …

Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) refers to a pathological condition caused by a direct or
indirect insult to the optic nerves, which often leads to a partial or permanent vision deficit …

For many retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma,
and diabetic retinopathy (DR), the exact pathogenesis is still unclear. Moreover, the currently …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of central vision loss
worldwide. Drusen accumulation is the major pathological hallmark common to both dry and …

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain and retina, are constantly engaged in the
surveillance of their surrounding neural tissue. During embryonic development they infiltrate …