The mammalian brain consists of millions to billions of cells that are organized into many cell
types with specific spatial distribution patterns and structural and functional properties …

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a small brainstem structure located in the lower pons and is the
main source of noradrenaline (NA) in the brain. Via its phasic and tonic firing, it modulates …

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) ranks among the most prevalent mental disorders, extracting~
$250 billion/year in the US alone and producing myriad medical and social harms. Also, the …

Abstract Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) is characterized by compulsion-like alcohol drinking
(CLAD), where intake despite negative consequences can be a major clinical obstacle. With …

The locus coeruleus‐norepinephrine (LC‐NE) system, which regulates arousal levels, is
important for cognitive control, including emotional conflict resolution. Additionally, the LC …

Acetylcholine is the endogenous agonist for the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
(nAChR) system, which is involved in attention, memory, affective behaviours and substance …

Reward learning is key to survival for individuals. Attention plays an important role in the
rapid recognition of reward cues and establishment of reward memories. Reward history …

Opioid withdrawal is a liability of chronic opioid use and misuse, impacting people who use
prescription or illicit opioids. Hyperactive autonomic output underlies many of the aversive …

Rationale Opioid use during pregnancy can lead to negative infant health outcomes,
including neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). NOWS comprises gastrointestinal …

Binge drinking (BD) contributes strongly to the harms of alcohol use disorder. Most rodent
models do not result in binge-level blood alcohol concentrations (BACs), and to better …