This review considers efflux of substances from brain parenchyma quantified as values of
clearances (CL, stated in µL g− 1 min− 1). Total clearance of a substance is the sum of …

Background: Opioids are widely used in pain management, acting via opioid receptors
and/or Toll-like receptors (TLR) present at the central nervous system (CNS). At the blood …

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) actively transports a wide variety of chemically diverse compounds out
of cells. It is highly associated with the ADMET properties of drugs and drug candidates and …

Drug interaction with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)
may influence its tissue disposition including blood–brain barrier transport and result in …

The multiple-drug resistance (MDR) transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is highly expressed at
the human blood–brain barrier (BBB). P-gp actively effluxes a wide variety of drugs from the …

Multidrug regimens and corresponding drug interactions cause many adverse reactions and
treatment failures. Drug efflux transporters: P-gp, MRP, BCRP in conjunction with …

The over-prescription of opioid analgesics is a growing problem in the field of addiction,
which has reached epidemic-like proportions in North America. Over the past decade …

Opioids are widely used in cancer and non-cancer pain management. However, many
transporters at the blood–brain barrier (BBB), such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1/MDR1) …

Conclusions based on either in vitro or in vivo approach to evaluate the P-gp affinity status of
opioids may be misleading. For example, in vitro studies indicated that fentanyl is a P-gp …

Objectives: Deaths due to asphyxia as well as following acute poisoning with severe
respiratory depression have been attributed to buprenorphine in opioid abusers. However …