Tumours employ various tactics to adapt and eventually resist immune attack. These
mechanisms are collectively called adaptive immune resistance (AIR). The first defined and …

Immune checkpoint therapy via PD-1 antibodies has shown exciting clinical value and
robust therapeutic potential in clinical practice. It can significantly improve progression-free …

The majority of tumor-infiltrating T cells exhibit a terminally exhausted phenotype, marked by
a loss of self-renewal capacity. How repetitive antigenic stimulation impairs T cell self …

In cancer-immunity cycle, the immune checkpoint PD1 and its ligand PDL1 act as
accomplices to help tumors resist to immunity-induced apoptosis and promote tumor …

The overall response rate for anti–PD-1 therapy remains modest in hepatocellular
carcinoma (HCC). We found that a combination of IFNα and anti–PD-1–based …

Background Resistance to an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) is a major obstacle in cancer
immunotherapy. The causes of ICI resistance include major histocompatibility complex …

Lenvatinib is a multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting mainly vascular
endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors. We …

Cytokines are a class of potent immunoregulatory proteins that are secreted in response to
various stimuli and act locally to regulate many aspects of human physiology and disease …

The immune system is tasked with identifying malignant cells to eliminate or prevent cancer
spread. This involves a complex orchestration of many immune cell types that together …

Type I interferon (IFN) is a class of proinflammatory cytokines with a dual role on malignant
transformation, tumor progression, and response to therapy. On the one hand, robust, acute …