In the cell, as in vitro, the final conformation of a protein is determined by its amino-acid
sequence. But whereas some isolated proteins can be denatured and refolded in vitro in the …

The unifying feature of all proteins that are transported out of the cytoplasm of gram-negative
bacteria by the general secretory pathway (GSP) is the presence of a long stretch of …

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles of∼ 30 to 150 nm that are secreted by all cells,
abundant in all biofluids, and play important roles in health and disease. However, details …

INTRODUCTION Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that coordinate many cellular
functions that are essential for life, including diverse metabolic processes, cell division and …

Recent evidence suggests that autophagy facilitates the unconventional secretion of the pro-
inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Here, we reconstituted an autophagy-regulated …

New textbooks at all levels of chemistry appear with great regularity. Some fields like basic
biochemistry, organic reaction mechanisms, and chemical thermody namics are well …

The cytosolic accumulation of mitochondrial precursors is hazardous to cellular fitness and
is associated with a number of diseases. However, it is not observed under physiological …

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the present state of the studies of the molten
globule state and its role in protein folding and physiological processes. Recent data on the …

Interleukin 1 (IL‐1) is a major soluble mediator of inflammation. Two human IL‐1 genes,
alpha and beta, have been isolated, which encode polypeptides with only 20‐30% amino …

A nuclear encoded mitochondrial heat-shock protein hsp60 is required for the assembly into
oligomeric complexes of proteins imported into the mitochondrial matrix. hsp60 is a member …