The scientific study of animal affect (emotion) is an area of growing interest. Whilst research
on mechanism and causation has predominated, the study of function is less advanced. This …

The notion that men are more variable than women has become embedded into scientific
thinking. For mental traits like personality, greater male variability has been partly attributed …

Personality is defined as individual behavioral differences that are consistent over time and
across contexts and is constructed from a number of underlying traits. Over the last 27 years …

In many animal populations, individuals exhibit repeatable behavioral traits across a range
of contexts, and similarly, individuals differ in ecological traits such as habitat use, home …

An animal's welfare state is directly influenced by the mental state, which is shaped by
experiences within the environment throughout the animal's life. For zoo‐housed animals …

Social network analysis has become increasingly used to investigate the consequences of
individuals' social tendencies in recent years; however, the question of whether individuals …

The assessment of individual traits requires that tests are reliable (ie consistency over time)
and externally valid, meaning that they predict future responses in similar contexts (ie …

Studies of primate personality have become increasingly common over the past three
decades. Recently, studies have begun to focus on the health, welfare and conservation …

Personality in animals has been extensively researched in recent decades. Temporal
consistency of behaviors is almost always part of the personality definition and is usually …

In recent years, research on animal personality has exploded within the field of behavioral
ecology. Consistent individual differences in behavior exist in a wide range of species, and …