Background Several harmful substances can get into the human body easily through
different ways, including foods, drinking water, air, and so on. Moreover, there are a variety …

Melatonin is the main hormone secreted by the pineal gland that modulates the circadian
rhythm and mood. Previous studies have shown the therapeutic effects of melatonin, or its …

Ethnopharmacological relevance Persistent ketamine insults to the central nervous system
block NMDA receptors and disrupt putative neurotransmission, oxido–nitrosative, and …

Chronic inflammatory bowel disorders (IBDs) are characterized by altered intestinal
permeability, prompting inflammatory, oxidative stress, and immunological factors. Gut …

Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, it can be associated with circadian
rhythms, aging and neuroprotection. Melatonin levels are decreased in sporadic Alzheimer's …

Arsenic (As) exposure is known to cause several neurological disorders through various
molecular mechanisms such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. In the current …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a mosaic of neurodevelopmental conditions composed of
early-onset social interaction and communication deficits, along with repetitive and/or …

Prodigiosin (PDG) is a bacterial metabolite with numerous biological and pharmaceutical
properties. Exposure to aluminium is considered a root etiological factor in the pathological …

Melatonin is a hormone synthesized by the pineal gland with neuroprotective and
neurodevelopmental effects. Also, melatonin acts as an antidepressant by modulating the …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. There is
a wide range of sleep disturbances in patients with PD, such as insomnia and rapid eye …