Genetic studies have typically inferred the effects of human impact by documenting patterns
of genetic differentiation and levels of genetic diversity among potentially isolated …

Existing and emerging pathogens pose unusual challenges for conservation because of
their potential to drive rapid changes in the numerical abundance and genetic composition …

Recent progress in the field of wildlife disease ecology demonstrates that infectious disease
plays a crucial role in the lives of wild animals. Parasites and pathogens should be …

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA; known as MHC in other vertebrates) plays a central role
in the recognition and presentation of antigens to the immune system and represents the …

In the 1960s, when population geneticists first began to collect data on the amount of genetic
variation in natural populations, balancing selection was invoked as a possible explanation …

All genetic markers are estimators of DNA nucleotide sequence variation. Rather than
obtaining DNA sequence data, it is cheaper and faster to use techniques that estimate …

Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are considered a paradigm of
adaptive evolution at the molecular level and as such are frequently investigated by …

Human impacts through habitat destruction, introduction of invasive species and climate
change are increasing the number of species threatened with extinction. Decreases in …

Balancing selection maintains high levels of polymorphism and heterozygosity in genes of
the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) of vertebrate organisms, and promotes long …

Simple Summary The Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus przewalskii), the only extant species
of wild horse, was extinct in the wild in 1960s. The wild horse has been successfully saved …