Kidneys are a major organ for blood filtration and waste elimination and thus play a key role
in the transport and clearance of nanoparticles in vivo. The interactions of nanoparticles with …

Brain fluids are rigidly regulated to provide stable environments for neuronal function, eg,
low K+, Ca 2+, and protein to optimise signalling and minimise neurotoxicity. At the same …

Recent advances in nanotechnology have offered new hope for cancer detection,
prevention, and treatment. While the enhanced permeability and retention effect has served …

Brain extracellular space is the narrow microenvironment that surrounds every cell of the
central nervous system. It contains a solution that closely resembles cerebrospinal fluid with …

Key points It is unclear precisely how macromolecules (eg endogenous proteins and
exogenous immunotherapeutics) access brain tissue from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We …

This review considers efflux of substances from brain parenchyma quantified as values of
clearances (CL, stated in µL g− 1 min− 1). Total clearance of a substance is the sum of …

Diffusion in the extracellular space (ECS) of the brain is constrained by the volume fraction
and the tortuosity and a modified diffusion equation represents the transport behavior of …

The endothelial cells that form the blood–brain barrier (BBB) are coated with glycocalyx, on
the luminal side, and with the basement membrane and astrocyte endfeet, on the abluminal …

It has been reported that lactoferrin (LF) participates in the host immune response against
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) invasion by enhancing NK …

Morphogens are long-range signaling molecules that pattern developing tissues in a
concentration-dependent manner. The graded activity of morphogens within tissues …