Ecstasy is a widely used recreational drug that usually consists primarily of 3, 4-
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Most ecstasy users consume other substances …

The use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is increasing and currently> 600 NPS have
been reported. However, limited information on neuropharmacological and toxicological …

This paper reviews the metabolism of new designer drugs of abuse that have emerged on
the black market during the last years and is an update of a review published in 2005. The …

Methylone is one of the most common synthetic cathinones popularized as a substitute for 3,
4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, midomafetamine) owing to its similar effects …

Role of cocaine in influencing blood–brain barrier (BBB) function is still unknown. Available
evidences suggest that cocaine administration results in acute hyperthermia and alterations …

Psychostimulants abuse is a major public concern because is associated with serious health
complications, including devastating consequences on the central nervous system (CNS) …

In recent years, besides the classic designer drugs of the amphetamine type, a series of new
drug classes appeared on the illicit drugs market. The chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology …

Background: Amphetamine analogs with a 3, 4-methylenedioxy ring-substitution are among
the most popular illicit drugs of abuse, exerting stimulant and entactogenic effects …

Clinical outcome following 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) intake ranges
from mild entactogenic effects to a life-threatening intoxication. Despite ongoing research …

The prevalence and use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is increasing and currently
over 600 NPS exist. Many illicit drugs and NPS increase brain monoamine levels by …