This review aims to synthesise a large pre-clinical and clinical literature related to a
hypothesised role of the locus coeruleus norepinephrine system in responses to acute and …

Emotions depend upon the integrated activity of neural networks that modulate arousal,
autonomic function, motor control, and somatosensation. Brainstem nodes play critical roles …

Phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1 gene mutations have been
associated with autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson's disease. To date, no …

According to the recently proposed vigilance model of affective disorders (vigilance in the
sense of “brain arousal”), manic behaviour is partly interpreted as an autoregulatory attempt …

Neuropeptides are auxiliary messenger molecules that always co-exist in nerve cells with
one or more small molecule (classic) neurotransmitters. Neuropeptides act both as …

Exercise can prevent the development of stress-related mood disorders, such as depression
and anxiety. The underlying neurobiological mechanisms of this effect, however, remain …

Alcohol use disorders are characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking, loss
of control in limiting intake, and withdrawal syndrome in the absence of drug. The central …

The present study on rat examined the role of galanin receptor subtypes in regulation of
depression-like behavior as well as potential molecular mechanisms involved in the locus …

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs of first choice in the therapy of
moderate to severe depression and anxiety disorders. Their primary mechanism of action is …

Galanin is a 29 amino-acid (30 in humans) neuropeptide with a close functional relationship
with neurotransmitter systems implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment of …