The human skeleton has remarkable regenerative properties, being one of the few
structures in the body that can heal by recreating its normal cellular composition, orientation …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be derived from various adult tissues with multipotent
and self‐renewal abilities. The characteristics of presenting no major ethical concerns …

Engineering a pro-regenerative immune response following scaffold implantation is integral
to functional tissue regeneration. The immune response to implanted biomaterials is …

The immune system plays a central role in tissue repair and regeneration. Indeed, the
immune response to tissue injury is crucial in determining the speed and the outcome of the …

Bone is an active tissue, being constantly renewed in healthy individuals with participation of
the immune system to a large extent. Any imbalance between the processes of bone …

Various diseases and toxic factors easily impair cellular and organic functions in mammals.
Organ transplantation is used to rescue organ function, but is limited by scarce resources …

Tissue engineering strategies for treating bone loss to date have largely focused on
targeting stem cells or vascularization. Immune cells, including macrophages and T cells …

All hematopoietic and immune cells are continuously generated by hematopoietic stem cells
(HSCs) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) through highly organized process of …

Bone is a hard yet dynamic tissue with remarkable healing capacities. Research to date has
greatly advanced the understanding of how bone heals and has led to marked success in …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors that play a bridging
role in innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The activated TLRs not only induce …