Osteoporosis is a global public health problem, with fractures contributing to significant
morbidity and mortality. Although postmenopausal osteoporosis is most common, up to 30 …

The principal source of vitamin D in humans is its biosynthesis in the skin through a
chemical reaction dependent on sun exposure. In lesser amounts, the vitamin can be …

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), a major public health problem that is
rising in prevalence, is associated with high morbidity and mortality and is considered to be …

Fibrosis is a process characterized by an excessive accumulation of the extracellular matrix
as a response to different types of tissue injuries, which leads to organ dysfunction. The …

The vascular endothelium is a dynamic, functionally complex organ, modulating multiple
biological processes, including vascular tone and permeability, inflammatory responses …

1, 25-Dihydroxvitamin D3 [1, 25 (OH) 2D3] is the hormonally active form of vitamin D. The
genomic mechanism of 1, 25 (OH) 2D3 action involves the direct binding of the 1, 25 (OH) …

Heart failure (HF) is a major health-care problem and the prognosis of affected patients is
poor. HF often coexists with a number of comorbidities of which declining renal function is of …

Description: The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2017 Clinical
Practice Guideline Update for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of …

Since the first description of the association between chronic kidney disease and heart
disease, many epidemiological studies have confirmed and extended this finding. As …

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease
(CKD). As CKD progresses, CKD-specific risk factors, such as disordered mineral …