Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is expected to exceed 500 parts per million and
global temperatures to rise by at least 2° C by 2050 to 2100, values that significantly exceed …

Bioerosion of calcium carbonate is the natural counterpart of biogenic calcification. Both are
affected by ocean acidification (OA). We summarize definitions and concepts in bioerosion …

Reductive genomic evolution, driven by genetic drift, is common in endosymbiotic bacteria.
Genome reduction is less common in free-living organisms, but it has occurred in the …

Regular grids or lattices are frequently used to study ecosystems, for observations,
experiments and simulations. The regular rectangular or square grid is used more often than …

Ocean warming and acidification from increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 represent major
global threats to coral reefs, and are in many regions exacerbated by local‐scale …

Coral reef islands are among the most vulnerable environments on Earth to climate change
because they are low lying and largely constructed from unconsolidated sediments that can …

Summary 1 Ontogenetic dispersal of animals has been observed among many ecosystems,
but its full ecological significance is poorly understood. By modelling the consequences of …

Determining how ecosystem function and services are related to diversity is necessary for
predicting the consequences of diversity loss and for setting goals and priorities for marine …

Ecosystems with alternative stable states (ASS) may shift discontinuously from one stable
state to another as environmental parameters cross a threshold. Reversal can then be …

Abstract Cousin Island marine reserve (Seychelles) has been an effectively protected no-
take marine protected area (MPA) since 1968 and was shown in 1994 to support a healthy …