This chapter reviews the empirical literature on the determination of firms' and industries'
innovative activity and performance, highlighting the questions addressed, the approaches …

Outside sources of knowledge are often critical to the innovation process, whatever the
organizational level at which the innovating unit is defined. While the example of Japan …

Open Innovation describes an emergent model of innovation in which firms draw on
research and development that may lie outside their own boundaries. In some cases, such …

The Open Innovation paradigm can be understood as the antithesis of the traditional vertical
integration model where internal research and development (R&D) activities lead to …

Companies have historically invested in large research and development departments to
drive innovation and provide sustainable growth. This model, however, is eroding due to a …

This article begins by looking at how the concept of learning has informed our
understanding of competitiveness. It then goes on to examine the fresh perspective that the …

The past two decades have seen a gradual but noticeable change in the economic
organization of innovative activity. Most firms used to integrate research and development …

Drawing on neoinstitutional and learning theories, we distinguish three distinct modes of
selective interorganizational imitation: frequency imitation (copying very common practices) …

Numerous studies have shown that within industries, the propensity to perform R & D and
the amount of R & D conducted by performers are closely related to the size of the firm, while …

A critical factor in industrial competitiveness is the ability of firms to exploit new technological
developments. We term this ability a firm's absorptive capacity and argue that such a …