Heterostylous genetic polymorphisms provide paradigmatic systems for investigating
adaptation and natural selection. Populations are usually comprised of two (distyly) or three …

Studies on polymorphisms have been foundational to our understanding of evolution. The
presence of different phenotypic morphs is sometimes considered a precursor to speciation …

We review and analyze the available literature on the frequency and distribution of self-
incompatibility (SI) among angiosperms and find that SI is reported in more than 100 families …

Here, we review recent progress on the evolutionary history, functional ecology, genetics
and molecular biology of heterostyly using a variety of taxa to illustrate advances in …

Heterostyly represents a fascinating adaptation to promote outbreeding in plants that
evolved multiple times independently. While l-morph individuals form flowers with long …

I review theoretical models for the evolution of supergenes in the cases of B atesian mimicry
in butterflies, distylous plants and sex chromosomes. For each of these systems, I outline the …

Heterostyly is a wide-spread floral adaptation to promote outbreeding, yet its genetic basis
and evolutionary origin remain poorly understood. In Primula (primroses), heterostyly is …

Supergenes are nonrecombining genomic regions ensuring the coinheritance of multiple,
coadapted genes. Despite the importance of supergenes in adaptation, little is known on …

Abstract Background The flowering plant Primula veris is a common spring blooming
perennial that is widely cultivated throughout Europe. This species is an established model …

Charles Darwin studied floral biology for over 40 years and wrote three major books on plant
reproduction. These works have provided the conceptual foundation for understanding floral …