Two decades ago, theoretical model calculations played a truly minor role in understanding
mechanisms of redox-active metalloenzymes. The methods available to treat transition …

Enzyme reactions that involve strong coupling between proton and electron transfer are of
fundamental importance in biology. This is particularly evident in the reactions of primary …

Cytochrome c oxidase (C c O) is an essential enzyme in mitochondrial and bacterial
respiration. It catalyzes the four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water and …

This review article is divided into three sections. In Section 1, a short biographical note on
Freiherr von Grotthuss is followed by a detailed summary of the main findings and ideas …

Biological energy conversion is driven by efficient enzymes that capture, store and transfer
protons and electrons across large distances. Recent advances in structural biology have …

Motivated by the long-term goal of understanding vectorial biological processes such as
proton transport (PT) in biomolecular ion pumps, a number of developments were made to …

A series of metalloprotein complexes embedded in a mitochondrial or bacterial membrane
utilize electron transfer reactions to pump protons across the membrane and create an …

In aerobic organisms, cellular respiration involves electron transfer to oxygen through a
series of membrane-bound protein complexes. The process maintains a transmembrane …

Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is a general name for a group of rather different
reactions occurring in most redox-active enzymes. They all involve electron transfer from a …

Mitchell's key insight that all bioenergetic membranes run on the conversion of redox energy
into transmembrane electrical and proton gradients took the form 30 years ago of a working …