Effective non-invasive treatment of neurological diseases is often limited by the poor access
of therapeutic agents into the central nervous system (CNS). The majority of drugs and …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can gain access to the central nervous system during
the early course of primary infection. Once in the brain compartment the virus actively …

There is considerable interest in the therapeutic and adverse outcomes of drug interactions
at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). These …

The historical phasing concept of drug metabolism and elimination was introduced to
comprise the two phases of metabolism: phase I metabolism for oxidations, reductions and …

Significant intra-and interindividual variability has been observed in response to use of
pharmacological agents in treatment of HIV infection. Treatment of HIV infection is limited by …

Blood–brain barrier inhibits most of drugs and genetic materials from reaching the brain. So,
developing high efficiency carriers for gene and drug delivery to the brain, is the challenging …

Purpose The sedating effect of first generation H 1-antihistamines has been associated with
their ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and lack of efflux by P-glycoprotein …

Conclusions based on either in vitro or in vivo approach to evaluate the P-gp affinity status of
opioids may be misleading. For example, in vitro studies indicated that fentanyl is a P-gp …

The constituents of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) include HIV-1 protease
inhibitors (HPIs) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Endothelial cell …

The expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC transporters) has been reported in
various tissues such as the lung, liver, kidney, brain and intestine. These proteins account …