Cybercrime is estimated to have cost the global economy just under USD 1 trillion in 2020,
indicating an increase of more than 50% since 2018. With the average cyber insurance …

Traditional conceptions of state-sponsored cyber economic espionage suggest that
countries with different product profiles should experience high levels of espionage between …

Some pundits claim cyber weaponry is the most important military innovation in decades, a
transformative new technology that promises a paralyzing first-strike advantage difficult for …

In the last decade, cyber incidents have become more expensive, more disruptive, and in
many cases more political, with a new body of theoretically informed research emerging in …

In 2011, the United States government declared a cyber attack as equal to an act of war,
punishable with conventional military means. Cyber operations, cyber crime, and other …

While much focus has remained on the concept of cyberwar, what we have been observing
in actual cyber behaviour are campaigns comprised of linked cyber operations, with the …

It is widely believed that cyberspace is offense dominant because of technical characteristics
that undermine deterrence and defense. This argument mistakes the ease of deception on …

Investigating cyber conflict is enormously difficult. The domain is complex, quality data are
sparse, international affairs are shrouded in secrecy, and despite its seeming ubiquity, cyber …

Cyber attackers rely on deception to exploit vulnerabilities and obfuscate their identity, which
makes many pessimistic about cyber deterrence. The attribution problem appears to make …

Recent years have seen growing concern over the use of cyber attacks in wartime, but little
evidence that these new tools of coercion can change battlefield events. We present the first …