Genetic predisposition to multiple sclerosis (MS) only explains a fraction of the disease risk;
lifestyle and environmental factors are key contributors to the risk of MS. Importantly, these …

Importance Cigarette smoking is a common environmental exposure and addiction, which
has severe health consequences. Smoking is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS); also …

Background The genesis of severe fatigue and disability in people following acute pathogen
invasion involves the activation of Toll-like receptors followed by the upregulation of …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating central nervous
system disorder that is more common in women, with onset often during reproductive years …

Cigarette smoking is the most prominent significant cause of death and morbidity. It is
recognised as a risk factor for a number of immune mediated, inflammatory diseases …

Astrocytes are critical for the development and function of synapses. There are notable
species differences between human astrocytes and commonly used animal models. Yet, it is …

Sleep plays an essential role in all studied animals with a nervous system. However, sleep
deprivation leads to various pathological changes and neurobehavioral problems …

With rising life expectancy and advancements in disease management, we expect the
multiple sclerosis population is getting older. However, evidence supporting this hypothesis …

(1) Background. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterised by the loss of muscle throughout the
course of the disease, which in many cases is accompanied by obesity and related to …

Background Smoking is associated with a more severe disease course in people with
multiple sclerosis (MS). The magnitude of effect of smoking cessation on MS progression is …