The development of neoplasia involves a complex and continuous interplay between
malignantly transformed cells and the tumour microenvironment (TME). Cancer …

Precision oncology continues to challenge the “one-size-fits-all” dogma. Under the precision
oncology banner, cancer patients are screened for molecular tumor alterations that predict …

Simple Summary Cell cultures can be carried out in three dimensions (3D). Organoids and
spheroids are different 3D cell culture models that can be cultured with different techniques …

Tumor organoids have been proposed as a model system for precision medicine. The ability
of tumor organoids to retain characteristics of the original tumor makes them unique for …

Cellular interactions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly govern cancer
progression and drug response. The efficacy of clinical immunotherapies has fostered an …

Multicellular spheroids and organoids are promising in vitro 3D models in personalized
medicine and drug screening. They replicate the structural and functional characteristics of …

Despite the success of PD-1 blockade in melanoma and other cancers, effective treatment
strategies to overcome resistance to cancer immunotherapy are lacking,. Here we identify …

Genomics-based precision medicine has revolutionized oncology but also has inherent
limitations. Functional precision oncology is emerging as a complementary approach that …

Organoids are in vitro self-assembling, organ-like, three-dimensional cellular structures that
stably retain key characteristics of the respective organs. Organoids can be generated from …

Spheroids and organoids are important novel players in medical and life science research.
They are gradually replacing two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. Indeed, three-dimensional …