Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a form of microangiopathy. Reducing oxidative stress in the
mitochondria and cell membranes decreases ischemic injury and end-organ damage to the …

Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) level, known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) has
been linked to different systemic and neurological diseases, well-known as a risk factor for …

Homocysteine (Hcy) is an amino acid that requires vitamins B12 and folic acid for its
metabolism. Vitamins B12 and folic acid deficiencies lead to hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy …

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) serves as a gasotransmitter in the regulation of organ development
and maintenance of homeostasis in tissues. Its abnormal levels are associated with multiple …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common cause of blindness in people under the age of
65. Unfortunately, the current screening process for DR restricts the population that can be …

Folate, a pteroylglutamic acid derivative, participates in fundamental cellular metabolism.
Homocysteine, an amino acid, serves as an intermediate of the methionine cycle and can be …

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is remarkably common among the aging population. The
relation between HHcy and the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness. Recent studies
have reported impaired glycolysis in AMD patients with a high lactate/pyruvate ratio …

Microglia, the main immune cell of the central nervous system (CNS), categorized into M1-
like phenotype and M2-like phenotype, play important roles in phagocytosis, cell migration …

Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man [OMIM]
236,200) is an autosomal recessive disorder that is caused by mutations in the CBS gene. It …