Abstract GH and IGF-I are important regulators of bone homeostasis and are central to the
achievement of normal longitudinal bone growth and bone mass. Although GH may act …

Calcium and inorganic phosphate are of critical importance for many body functions, thus
the regulations of their plasma concentrations are tightly controlled by the concerted actions …

Hyperphosphatemia, calcitriol deficiency, and secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) are
common complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF …

Within the normal range, higher serum phosphate concentrations are associated with
cardiovascular events and mortality in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and in …

In mammals, phosphate balance is maintained by influx and efflux via the intestines,
kidneys, bone, and soft tissue, which involves multiple sodium/phosphate (Na+/Pi) …

In the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD), alterations in the bone-vascular axis
augment the risk of bone loss, fractures, vascular and soft tissue calcification, left ventricular …

Metabolic bone disease is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is
part of a broad spectrum of disorders of mineral metabolism that occur in this clinical setting …

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) exerts its effect by binding to its cognate FGF receptor 1
(FGFR1) in the presence of its co-receptor Klotho. Parathyroid glands express both FGFR1 …

Hypocalcemia is common in the critically ill patient. In this population, however, the
diagnosis of hypocalcemia is complicated by limitations in the interpretation of the total …

Phosphate is an essential nutrient for life and is a critical component of bone formation, a
major signaling molecule, and structural component of cell walls. Phosphate is also a …