Endothelial cells (ECs) angiogenesis is the process of sprouting new vessels from the
existing ones, playing critical roles in physiological and pathological processes such as …

Porphyrin and iron are ubiquitous and essential for sustaining life in virtually all living
organisms. Unlike iron, which exists in many forms, porphyrin macrocycles are mostly …

Abstract The Feline Leukemia Virus Subgroup C Receptor 1a (FLVCR1a) is a
transmembrane heme exporter essential for embryonic vascular development. However, the …

Aim Aging-related dysfunction of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the main pathogenic
factors for pathological angiogenesis due to dysregulated vascular endothelial growth factor …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disorder that can lead to visual
impairment in elder patients, and current treatments include repeated injections of …

Neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a leading cause of vision loss in
older adults. nAMD is treated with biologics targeting vascular endothelial growth factor; …

Mitochondrial function in endothelial cells (EC) is interconnected by a mesh of signaling
molecules that cross pathways often (Kluge et al., 2013). One such versatile biomolecule is …

The relationship between heme metabolism and angiogenesis is poorly understood. The
final synthesis of heme occurs in mitochondria, where ferrochelatase (FECH) inserts Fe 2+ …

Activity of the heme synthesis enzyme ferrochelatase (FECH) is implicated in multiple
diseases. In particular, it is a mediator of neovascularization in the eye and thus an …

Under healthy conditions, the cornea is an avascular structure which allows for transparency
and optimal visual acuity. Its avascular nature is maintained by a balance of proangiogenic …