Although the field of immunology developed in part from the early vaccine studies of Edward
Jenner, Louis Pasteur and others, vaccine development had largely become the province of …

Mucosal surfaces are exploited as a portal of entry into hosts by a wide variety of
microorganisms. Over the past decade, an advanced understanding of the immune system …

HIV-specific mucosal and cellular immunity was analyzed in heterosexual couples
discordant for HIV status in serum and in HIV-unexposed controls. HIV-specific IgA but not …

Human immunodeficiency virus, generated during contact between HIV-infected cells and
the apical surface of an epithelial cell, can cross a tight epithelial barrier by transcytosis. We …

Both rectal and vaginal mucosal surfaces serve as transmission routes for pathogenic
microorganisms. Vaccination through large intestinal mucosa, previously proven protective …

Mucosal tissues are major sites of HIV entry and initial infection. Thus, the induction of a
mucosal cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is an important feature for an effective HIV …

The unexpected encounter, 10 years ago, between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
and the chemokine system has dramatically advanced our understanding of the …

Transcutaneous immunization (TCI), the application of vaccines on the skin, induces robust
systemic and mucosal antibodies in animal models and in humans. The means by which …

The majority of immunogenic CTL epitopes bind to MHC class I molecules with high affinity.
However, peptides longer or shorter than the optimal epitope rarely bind with high affinity …

As one of the initial mucosal transmission pathways of HIV (HIV-1), epithelial cells
translocate HIV-1 from apical to basolateral surface by nondegradative transcytosis …