This work describes the nature and strength of the immune response induced by various Toll-
like receptor ligands and their ability to act as vaccine adjuvants. It reviews the various …

Despite advances in critical care medicine, infection remains a significant problem that
continues to be complicated with the challenge of antibiotic resistance …

Abstract Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β (TRIF)-dependent signaling is
required for TLR-mediated production of type-I IFN and several other proinflammatory …

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are stand-alone immunomodulators or
'danger signals,'that are increasingly recognized as critical components of many modern …

CD4+ Th1 type immunity is implicated in resistance to global infectious diseases. To
improve the efficacy of T cell immunity induced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) …

Vaccine efficacy is optimized by addition of immune adjuvants. However, although adjuvants
have been used for over a century, to date, only few adjuvants are approved for human use …

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was originally identified
in Saudi Arabia in 2012. It has caused MERS outbreaks with high mortality in the Middle …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands are being considered as adjuvants for the induction of
antigen-specific immune responses, as in the design of vaccines. Polyriboinosinic …

Therapeutic immunization leading to cancer regression remains a significant challenge.
Successful immunization requires activation of adaptive immunity, including tumor specific …

ABSTRACT RIG-I is a cytosolic sensor critically involved in the activation of the innate
immune response to RNA virus infection. In the present study, we evaluated the inhibitory …