Bacteria and their viruses have coevolved for billions of years. This ancient and still ongoing
arms race has led bacteria to develop a vast antiphage arsenal. The development of high …

We commonly acknowledge that bacterial viruses (phages) shape the composition and
evolution of bacterial communities in nature and therefore have important roles in ecosystem …

Identifying and characterizing mobile genetic elements in sequencing data is essential for
understanding their diversity, ecology, biotechnological applications and impact on public …

Bacteria carry diverse genetic systems to defend against viral infection, some of which are
found within prophages where they inhibit competing viruses. Phage satellites pose …

Soil viruses are highly abundant and have important roles in the regulation of host dynamics
and soil ecology. Climate change is resulting in unprecedented changes to soil ecosystems …

A fundamental strategy of eukaryotic antiviral immunity involves the cGAS enzyme, which
synthesizes 2′, 3′-cGAMP and activates the effector STING. Diverse bacteria contain …

Bacteria are under immense evolutionary pressure from their viral invaders—
bacteriophages. Bacteria have evolved numerous immune mechanisms, both innate and …

We are in the midst of a golden age of uncovering defense systems against bacteriophages.
Apart from the fundamental interest in these defense systems, and revolutionary applications …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are broadly distributed, yet poorly conserved, genetic elements
whose biological functions are unclear and controversial. Some TA systems may provide …

Bacteria encode sophisticated anti-phage systems that are diverse and versatile and display
high genetic mobility. How this variability and mobility occurs remains largely unknown …