Interleukins and associated cytokines serve as the means of communication for innate and
adaptive immune cells as well as non-immune cells and tissues. Thus, interleukins have a …

Macrophages are present in most human tissues and have very diverse functions. Activated
macrophages are usually divided into two phenotypes, M1 macrophages and M2 …

Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R, also known as c-FMS) is a receptor tyrosine
kinase. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and IL-34 are ligands of CSF1R …

Background & Aims Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play an important role in
colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and predict poor prognosis in CRC patients. However …

West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus responsible for mild fever to severe,
lethal neuroinvasive disease in humans, horses, birds, and other wildlife species. Since its …

The intestinal microbiota regulates immunity across organ systems. Which symbionts control
systemic immunity, the mechanisms they use, and how they avoid widespread inflammatory …

The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) worldwide has resulted in a global
public health challenge. Intestinal fibrosis leading to stricture formation and bowel …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent tumor entities worldwide with only
limited therapeutic options. CRC is not only a genetic disease with several mutations in …

Microglia harness an unutilized health-promoting potential in age-related
neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, conditions like progressive multiple …

Considering the role of epidermal keratinocytes, they occupy more than 90% of the
epidermis, form a physical barrier, and also function as innate immune barrier. For example …