Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) and bone morphometric proteins (BMPs) belong to
the TGF-β superfamily and perform essential functions during osteoblast and chondrocyte …

The causes of excess cardiovascular mortality associated with chronic kidney disease
(CKD) have been attributed in part to the CKD-mineral bone disorder syndrome (CKD-MBD) …

Vascular calcification is associated with atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, and
diabetes, and results from processes resembling endochondral or intramembranous …

The importance of matrix vesicles (MVs) has been repeatedly highlighted in the formation of
cartilage, bone, and dentin since their discovery in 1967. These nano-vesicular structures …

Background Emerging evidences have indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play
vital roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathology. The lncRNA MALAT1, a highly …

It is well established that control of vascular morphogenesis and homeostasis is regulated
by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Delta-like 4 …

Arterial calcification is an important hallmark of cardiovascular disease and shares many
similarities with skeletal mineralization. The bone‐specific protein osteocalcin (OCN) is an …

Serum calcium concentration is the main determinant of parathyroid hormone (PTH) release.
Defect in the activation of vitamin D in the kidneys due to chronic kidney disease (CKD) …

Recent studies have shown that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), primarily acetate,
propionate and butyrate, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease …

Sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD), including aortic stenosis, atherosclerosis
and cardiovascular calcification, are well documented. High levels of testosterone, the …