Mitochondria are cellular organelles involved in several biological processes, especially in
energy production. Several studies have found a relationship between mitochondrial …

The most common mood disorders are major depressive disorders and bipolar disorders
(BD). The pathophysiology of BD is complex, multifactorial, and not fully understood …

The intricate processes of microbiota-gut-brain communication in modulating human
cognition and emotion, especially in the context of mood disorders, have remained elusive …

Background Bipolar disorder phenomenologically is a biphasic disorder of energy
availability; increased in mania and decreased in depression. In consort, there is …

Although evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder
(BD) has been reported, the precise biological basis remains unknown, hampering the …

The exact pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) remains elusive. The
monoamine theory, which hypothesizes that MDD emerges as a result of dysfunctional …

Background Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe and debilitating psychiatric disorder. However,
the precise biological basis remains unknown, hampering the search for novel biomarkers …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune-mediated degenerative disease of the central
nervous system (CNS) characterized by immune cell infiltration, demyelination and axonal …

Background Lithium is the lightest metal and the only mood stabilizer that has been used for
over half a century for the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD). As a small ion, lithium is …

Despite evidence that exercise has been found to be effective in the treatment of depression,
it is unclear whether these data can be extrapolated to bipolar disorder. Available evidence …