Astrocytes, initially described as merely support cells, are now known as a heterogeneous
population of cells actively involved in a variety of biological functions such as: neuronal …

γ-Aminobutiryc acid (GABA) is found extensively in different brain nuclei, including parts
involved in Parkinson's disease (PD), such as the basal ganglia and hippocampus. In PD …

Neuritin is a new neurotrophic factor discovered in a screen to identify genes involved in
activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Neuritin also plays multiple roles in the process of …

The recognition that there is an innate immune system of the brain, referred to as the
neuroimmune system, that preforms many functions comparable to that of the peripheral …

Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) is a member of a family of neurotrophic factors that is required for the
differentiation, migration, and development of neurons. NRG-1 signaling is thought to …

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the process by which epithelial cells acquire
mesenchymal characteristics. This process induces cell migration and invasion, which are …

GDF15 (growth/differentiation factor 15), a novel member of the TGFβ (transforming growth
factor β) superfamily, plays critical roles in the central and peripheral nervous systems, but …

Transforming growth factor‐β signaling through intracellular Smad3 has been implicated in
Parkinson's disease (PD) and it fulfills an important role in the neurogenesis and synaptic …

Coincidence detector neurons of the medial superior olive (MSO) are sensitive to interaural
time differences in the range of a few tens of microseconds. The biophysical basis for this …

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) has been extensively studied for its pleiotropic
effects on central nervous system diseases. The neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects of TGF …