In mammals, environmental sounds stimulate the auditory receptor, the cochlea, via
vibrations of the stapes, the innermost of the middle ear ossicles. These vibrations produce …

This review covers the basic anatomy and physiology of the olivocochlear reflexes and the
use of otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) in humans to monitor the effects of one group, the …

Sound pressure fluctuations striking the ear are conveyed to the cochlea, where they vibrate
the basilar membrane on which sit hair cells, the mechanoreceptors of the inner ear …

Normal hearing depends on sound amplification within the mammalian cochlea. The
amplification, without which the auditory system is effectively deaf, can be traced to the …

The role of the cochlea is to transduce complex sound waves into electrical neural activity in
the auditory nerve. Hair cells of the organ of Corti are the sensory cells of hearing. The inner …

Sensorineural hearing loss is genetically heterogeneous. Here, we report that mutations in
CIB2, which encodes a calcium-and integrin-binding protein, are associated with …

High-frequency resolution is one of the salient features of peripheral sound processing in
the mammalian cochlea. The sensitivity originates in the active amplification of the travelling …

Cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs) express α9 nACh receptors and are contacted by
descending, predominately cholinergic, efferent fibers originating in the CNS. Mice carrying …

BACKGROUND One hundred years ago, experiments on beating frog hearts identified
acetylcholine (ACh) as the seminal neurotransmitter. Sixty years later, fractionation of the eel …

Brainstem olivocochlear neurons (OCNs) modulate the earliest stages of auditory
processing through feedback projections to the cochlea and have been shown to influence …